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The resource-based cities

The local government established public 3.6 financing channels, regulate local government debt financing management, to allow a condition where the local government bond issuance
Through the establishment of local government public financing channels, make reasonable local government debt, and try to make local government debt is revealed, the existing invisible to have no place before, "no" in front of debt to go "BangMen" unreasonable phenomenon of stealth, compasses, blocked the debt financing channels. To modify and improve the relevant local government budget law, the relevant provisions of the financing is allowed to regulate the conditions of local government in the form of corporate lending to solve the local government in infrastructure and public services, the condition of insufficient resources into local government debt, through local budget management budget constraint, prevent local government debt risks.
Foreign successful transformation of resources city of case analysis and comparison
Elaborated domestic Coach Handbags to pick on the resource-based cities of several major definition and development of resources vibram five fingers city of "three dangerous phenomenon" (economic crisis, resource crisis, the environmental crisis), lists the resource-based cities abroad three types of transformation, and the transformation of "oelde" paradigm in Pittsburgh, "" paradigm and France woodland area" goodbye la type "paradigm.
Keywords resource-based cities "transformation" paradigm "Renaissance" paradigm "goodbye" paradigm

The resource-based cities with mineral resources and the forest resources and development, and resources exploitation as the leading industries of Coach the city. In the domestic and international academic, have the following kinds: one is the main functions and important means to provide function is processed as early and minerals moncler jackets resources products category city. 2 is relying on the resources development and construction of city Coach Wallets development, or as a kind of special type of cities, the leading industries are built around the resources development and mining industry. Three is to accompany the resources city, or in its developing process, due to its resource exploitation once flourishing cities. ZhangYiCheng thinks, the concept of resource-based cities from the two aspects of quality and quantity. Quality of the city of function, mining of urban social economic impact on economic development and the status, The mining industry in terms of quantity of local industrial output.
In recent years, due to the recoverable resource shrinking, resource exploitation, but increasingly difficult due to the survival and development of pressure and to increase the intensity of exploitation of natural resources, so that the industry structure is unreasonable, and shows its sparked economic crisis and the ecological crisis. Since the late 1990s seriously bothering resource-based cities in China ", "beauty in dangerous phenomenon, Germany, France, Japan and other developed countries and regions have appeared vibram in abroad, the same resource-based cities base transformation in the successful paradigm, the typical" transformation is oelde "paradigm in Pittsburgh," "paradigm and France woodland area" goodbye la type "paradigm. moncler This paper from the crisis in the resource-based cities foreign Coach Purses successful transformation of cases, intended for domestic troubled transformation of resources city.

Local government debt

Coach Wallets Local government debt 3.5 sound management mechanism, the moncler local government debt risk control
One is to establish efficient government debt management mechanism. Government debt management institution duties and authority, refined debt examination and approval procedures, regulate local government debt, except for the examination and approval administration committee approved counties government debt, any department moncler jackets or unit and township and town, the street, the ground without authorization debt. To really need to Coach Purses borrow, in examining and approving, "three equal" : do not conform to national debt project does not conform to the policy of regional economic development planning, not approval, Debt unit does not have the solvency, no approval, No into debt debt project plan, all approval.
Second vibram is the government debt repayment establishing flexible mechanism. Gradually implement debt-servicing account management. In the financial departments to repay the debt repayment special government debt. The financial budget, outside the capital, debt repayment schedule planned and financial departments, the government debt Coach Handbags capital account directly dial debt. The ZhuanDai financial capital, the Treasury of the loans of international financial organizations, by using the unit delimits debt debt funds will be over by financial department, a diameter returned. Debt reserve system, gradually established in accordance with the policy of government debt management requirements, the financial department of the government to establish certain vibram five fingers scale, ripe conditions for debt reserve, in special area, store budget, unified management,
Three is to establish strict supervision mechanism of government debt. For the government debt, relevant departments to project implement track inspection and key inspection unifies, timely, supervise project unit rectification. For the government, the major debt to finance director appointed project of debt, or special financial activities for the whole project financial supervision. Auditing departments should strengthen the government debt capital usage and debt-servicing plan implementation of annual audit. Projects are completed, must be completed audit. Will the government and its subordinate departments of the government debt in the economical responsibility audit of leading cadres, public audit results. The default due to owe the wages, and ask the staff to establish, borrowing funds JuBaoXiang report released, telephone, accepts the populace to supervise. Record (monitoring) departments should strengthen the responsibility of the government debt debt infractions behavior investigation of illegal misappropriation, occupy debt money, which constitutes a crime, criminal judicial organs according Coach to law over the criminal responsibility.

to promote the rapid economic development of county

To dissolve local government debt, solve the problem of county financial difficulties, and the fundamental way out is to promote the rapid economic development of county, expanding scale of local fiscal revenue, increasing the local resources available, so Coach Wallets as to be able to solve problems from debt risks. Therefore, the government should formulate intra-county economic development policy, Coach moncler take effective measures to support economic development area, slow, local revenue single unreasonable conditions, establishing multi-layer and all-round financial system, and promote the stable growth of local fiscal revenue.
The government performance evaluation and improvement of 3.3 supervision system, to reduce the local government expenditure and debt pressure
To resolve local financial support heavy burden, the fiscal expenditure pressures and rigidity of contradiction, must accelerate the local government administration system reform. One is to lower the desalination governments at higher levels of economic development, the evaluation index of local government functions from the economic development and economic construction to public administration and public services, through the function of government regulation, increase the degree of marketization of local economy, promote local economic development, 2 is further streamline local government administrative agencies, financial support staff number where compression ratio and the local financial support, narrow. By streamlining measure, save administrative costs, reduce the expenditure of the local government debt reduction pressure, the pressure of expanding constantly, Three is resolute stop "achievement", to project reform and improve the local cadre selection mechanism, with the scientific views of development to measure the cadre achievement, prevent new projects for political, avoid to produce new projects for political liabilities.
All debts, comprehensive clear 3.4 gradually dissolve local government debt
Overall, the local government debt clean thoroughly clear local government debt scale, structure, distribution, etc. In accordance with Coach Handbags the dominant and recessive directly, or directly explicit or implicit debt and classification of local government debt registration, classification of local balance sheet. In debt financing and regular direct and indirect debt, debt debt, explicit and implicit debt debt, different disposal measures Coach Purses to further strengthen the sinking measures. To follow the "new arrears, gradually to dissolve the overdue" principle, the history of fiscal policy, except some revolving funds according to cancel after moncler jackets verification, the rest will strictly according to the target assessment method, according to the "who", who is a great principle of recycling. On this basis, the local government at all levels of debt, should according vibram to directly explicit debt and quantity of deadline, formulate long-term plans, and establish corresponding repay debt fund, To direct implicit debt, should predict the future of the annual expenditures for spending, formulate plans vibram five fingers gap, Or have explicit debt, should adhere to the "who borrowed who also" principle, debts, the necessary legal means available to require it. Or have implicit debt, management should be strengthened, as far as possible in the economic and social fields "in" dissolve, In the time of their visitation or dominant debt and cannot "in" dissolve or have implicit debt, should pay debts directly into the dominant.

delayed the local fiscal revenue growth

2.2 delayed the local fiscal revenue growth
In socialist market economy construction, improvement, the public finance system construction under the condition of strengthening, although local government meddling in the economy, but less local government strengthen infrastructure construction, improve the investment environment, promote economic development in the role. Due to the influence of local government debt, local government debt costs, reduce credit enhancement, and local resources and local government input is very limited ability to weaken the infrastructure. So, the local economy development in the future, in which restricts the local fiscal revenue growth.
The public finance functions restricts 2.3
Due to the local government debt to finance "out", make originally plodder local financial and vibram five fingers local financial guarantee normal operation is Coach Purses very difficult, even have no ability to put public facilities and satisfy their growing public service needs to. Thus, the local finance to exert its functions of public finance.
Fiscal reform 2.4 detrimental to deepen
In recent years, increasing financial reform, financial management Coach Handbags continuously toward standardization. But because of the complex relationship Coach between local government debt, make proper financial revenues and expenditures, strengthen the standardized management aspects of relationship between increased the difficulty. At the same time, in deepening the reform of the fiscal expenditure, the pressure and further intensify moncler the reform of rural taxes, for example, negation, sunshine income, car using reform of rural compulsory education, and the new rural cooperative medical Coach Wallets care and endowment insurance, all need to increase the fiscal expenditure. Income and expenditure increases rigidity and limited government debt, the contradiction of the reform.
3 defuse financial development, promote the government debt
The local government 3.1 reasonably determine the rights and powers, increase transfer payments
Cause local financial difficulties, local government debt is one of the important reasons moncler jackets for the increase financial system, the local government and the thing rights. To completely solve the problem of local government debt, must from aspects of the financial system, the financial system, and on the basis of further approval of the central and local governments, the local superior and vibram subordinate between the government and the thing rights, superior and subordinate scientifically differentiate between fiscal revenue and expenditure, further perfect financial transfer payment system, according to the level of economic development and financial income, increase transfer payments to the county, increase the available resources, reduce the size of the local government debt.
3.2 intra-county economic development, strengthen the county government revenue, strengthening financial strength scale

economic construction

130 economic construction
As China's Coach economic development of county economy is the important link, its economic growth of China's economic development is of great significance. But in the process of economic development, the central government for county economic development not give corresponding policy support and financial support, and the local government economic development is very Coach Handbags big, the pressure to complete the economic assessment index level, through the development of Coach Purses local economy, relieve pressure, solve the fiscal expenditure local economic reform and operation of social security, public service and infrastructure, the investment environment problems. Therefore, only by local government debt way to solve this problem.
1.4 administrative system
Although these made several rounds of administrative system reform, but, in order to reduce JianRen, the effect is not obvious, overstaffing, administrative efficiency high has not been solved, vibram five fingers financial expenditure pressures greater spending, rigid, financial burden is heavy, wage arrears frequently occurred. The government performance evaluation and supervision system of local government leaders, individual performance in the limited term for political achievements "and" capital, debt financing, used at "image projects" and "achievement" project construction, and the supervision and administration of the absence of government debt, also led to increased.
150 investment and financing system
China's financial system, financial markets as a category, local government financing the lack of necessary formal financing channels, in extreme situations, but through various measures, such as the unit to personal loan loans, etc, and through various informal channels for covert government debt, to solve the problem of shortage of resources. But not standard, also from the leverage to some extent, increase the government debt.
160 government debt management system
Long-term since, the local government debt issues for lack of understanding, no established unified debt management institutions, government debt management authority is dispersed in DRC, supervision and auditing departments, various departments of administration authority, management emphases, Coach Wallets actually is different also, that reach moncler jackets the standard management. At the same time, because of moncler no debt debt information disclosure and supervision mechanism, whether should have to borrow the corresponding evaluation mechanism, and at the township debt frequently occurred, debt scale unceasingly expands.
2 the influence of local financial operation
2.1 increased local financial operation difficulty
The existence of government debt increased local financial operation of pressure, local financial resources for most newly to pay off some debts, the local financial or unable to carry out a series vibram of central and provincial finance expenditure policy, or debt. Such a vicious cycle, and make the local finance seams.

To resolve the problem of local government debt

To resolve the problem of local government debt
Due to the vintage is influenced by many factors, the local government debt, debt risk rapidly vibram expanding scale. Enormous local government debt has seriously Coach Purses affected their financial operation, a social and economic stability and development, the factors of the parties concerned. Based on the cause of formation of local government debt, explores the local government debt of local fiscal Coach Wallets revenue, the objective operation is proposed based on resolving local government debt and promote the development of local fiscal measures.
Keywords place debt finance development risks
1 the cause analysis of local government debt
1.1 financial system
In 1994 vibram five fingers tax reform practice, financial concentration greatly improved. In contrast, the central government and local government administrative division failed to complete. Local governments, especially between differentiates the work is hardly. In 1994 ~ 2002, central and local property rights of moncler jackets 52:48 and the central powers Coach Handbags and local governance than for 30:70. In recent years, with increasing continuously reform, especially the social security system reform, food system reform, the reform of rural taxes and other major reform and economic development, local government input requirements, local fiscal expenditure growth speed greatly exceed income growth speed, lack of financial support economic operation. But the current transfer payment system and imperfect, superior to place especially below the provincial government financial transfer cannot satisfy the needs of local normal operation, the financial system with local government debt, only solution, government debt increased expenses. The local government had to through various informal channels directly or indirectly borrowing and external debt financing, illegal.
1.2 economic reform reasons
Local economic reforms overall situation is good, but some reform has defects, not only should produce economic benefits, Coach but by the local governments to undertake reform cost, increase the government debt. In China's economic system moncler transition, due to the change of government function, the government of lagging economic and social affairs, microcosmic excessive intervention, the property right is lack of social, economic body self risk constraint, Due to the high degree of marketization, market access restrictions, insurance, guarantee, futures and risk management agencies to folk rapid development. These two factors together, scattered in the market economy, the social risks, the difficulty in forming mechanism of many economic and social risk directly transferred to local governments, local government debt.

the master should not have each currency

2 in the premise, equivalent to exchange of currency requirements of whole society for most for half the value of the goods, the master should not have each currency. Usually, who need shopping who issued currency, but he will consider whether the goods sold his.

3 for Coach every currency issuers, he issued amount must and his pending during quite, i.e., money and vibram five fingers goods between must maintain one-to-one relationship. For example, in the premise, equivalent to exchange value for someone 100 yuan, he can release goods 100 yuan moncler jackets currency, He publishes 100 yuan, you must have the monetary value of $100 for goods, or soon to fill can also created.

The circulation, destroyed or terminate circulation. When the money from the issuer hand out, in the market circulation lap after hand again, if the issuer of his own five fingers money is made, it will be destroyed or for the next issue a commodity after use, If you are lending to, it should be returned. Anyhow, the currency has completed the mission, shall terminate its circulation.

To sum up, the result shows that the currency is instead of Commodity Exchange or pay, it is the token of the goods, it is essential to the bill. Currency is money, not a commodity, no value, more than general equivalence.

So, "monetary equivalent theory" and where is wrong? I just vibram don't use general equivalence than content objects in exchange direct exchange, it is ever bother the economists to explore the origins and YiZao currency, will assume history really seen, but also general equivalence hypothesis is that the sheep, and be equivalent to replace the sheep?

At first glance, this is just one thing, or someone is GuaShouDiLa, so have no cause of previous economists, thus makes the wrong conclusion above to sit on the throne of the truth, resulting in a complicated. In economics, Therefore, in this seemingly simple question, can not be ignored. It is for thousands of years, tens of thousands of years, and only "the apple" was not granted, starting from here, you can find another one.

Silver and gold and the sheep, the sheep of meat to eat, skin, it can satisfy the wear of the two most basic needs, therefore, with the sheep as general equivalence, no matter how to say, everybody can accept. And gold? In what was useless, at least for ordinary people is such, so, if use it as a general equivalence, no one would be willing to accept. Let us put themselves in to think about it. moncler Suppose you are in that era, silver, one day before the money, you get a bag of wheat to the market to change something. Suddenly have a large personal plunged head first gold to swap with you, can you agree? You must, you must first think, what use gold cushion table leg? So, you won't agree. Only the person that give you with the gold can change other goods, you just might agree, Coach Handbags however, when the essence of gold is the bill. Therefore say, gold and silver automatically replace sheep as a currency is impossible. Gold and silver are only two ways of money: it is a government or folk often use it as a keepsake use, hence evolve into money, Second is the use of force. But these two approaches, either through which a, the essence of gold and silver is bill. 1 did not say, take 2 silver and gold are generally speaking, if there is not equivalent, compulsory use traditional economics, also think so.

money is divided into four stages of life

From the perspective of the whole course of using money, money is divided into four stages of life, namely: manufacturing -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- issued destruction or termination of circulation.

1 manufacturing. Money before reunification, families are made of families, After reunification, the specialized factory. To manufacture quantity is lax, but enough to use, just some more.

The issue. After making money, cannot use directly, can be used to pass after issuance. Money does not use, and by issuing false distinction of it doesn't matter, can put it Coach Handbags as Coach Handbags ". Please note: this currency issue and we usually said the issue of currency. We usually say the currency issue refers to the currency was created, the government to bank or bank lending, and the currency issue refers to the master gave money to commodity products, with its essence of Commodity Exchange or replace with it to pay debts, such behavior. For example, weaving artisan threes specified tokens or tortoise-shell represents a cloth, and use it to replace a cloth to pledge to Commodity Exchange, or the tortoise shell distribution in the market, it's the currency. For the currency issue, there are several points must be made clear:

1 the master had only commodity currencies. The bartering with Commodity Exchange goods is nothing at all, you can five fingers change the others. Currency exchange, just make exchange in more convenient and more flexible, and moncler no damage of barter this principle, so only you can hand goods currency, you have no goods without qualification currency. But, from the beginning invented the precondition of currency Jones, if his house as a guarantee and others have cloth must also won't accept his money. However, if true appeared no goods and currency, what results? Suppose Mr Tan pledge issued on market or turtle has been used well after, he went bankrupt, the weaving lane of home is sold out, but he still take tokens or to change the turtle, if Coach he's still li3 si4 wheat. Anybody see tokens or tortoise-shell familiar, but he still didn't know threes home has no cloth, hence very much in the wheat to anybody, and then again to chang zhu five go there in the iron. But when Julia Jones home to change to the door, zhang SAN XieKe, zhu had five also had a big scold. Why not change things and five? Root is in on Jones fraud. Zhang SAN's wheat is how to swap is? That is not to lie. Therefore, no goods, the currency issue moncler jackets currency is money, it's short, destroyed a thing in a "thing" exchange principle, is pure "karate" type of deprivation. In monetary unification, who issued a short currency, all can be directly to find his head, but in monetary unification, vibram who issued a short currency, which is a private, the government is not found, so it's not so monetary flow, but finally market will vibram five fingers inevitably redundant, cause of currency devaluation, even causing some money can't buy things, with a lot of money frozen died. Since no commodity is entitled to issue currency, then obviously in society, government and private right currency. Also, the bank is entitled to issue currency. The bank, the bank is monetary warehouse loans are on loan, borrowers will spend money out's currency. If the government and the bank has just made haven't pass private currencies shopping or payroll, and above the behavior, belong to chang, should cause devaluation fraud. The government pays shopping and only use taxes, shopping and issuing bank interest. Use only pay

this transaction will succeed

"after the half piece tortoise-shell (or the keepsake) can be home to change a cloth." Li3 si4 affirmation would not. So moncler this transaction will succeed three: but the two have met, or to introduce middleman, Anybody know the weaver, Jones is a wealthy family, can pay a cloth, The Jones was always promise anybody know. With these three conditions, the transaction to be successful. The first obvious to many. When the tortoise shell or keepsake money.the after home, need to wear, he can Coach Handbags take the tortoise shell or keepsake to zhang SAN's change cloth. If he doesn't need clothes, but need pruning, hoes, he can get by with the tortoise shell or keepsake to shop for five to change and. Of course and five also won't agree, so this can deal depends on threes and li si zhu five understanding. At the same time, and even to go there five Jones, li si took him to pledge or tortoise-shell, can change a cloth? When the transaction after verified, and success. Later, and five took the tortoise shell or Coach keepsake to threes home in a cloth in this round of trade even end. The tortoise shell or keepsake Jones back, can destroy, also can keep up, next time. Later, zhang SAN every exchange with the tortoise shell or keepsake for a better than the alternative, once. He was hired to reward is with real pay, then also shall convert tokens or tortoise-shell payment. Workers took tokens or tortoise-shell, can arrive home to change things, Jones can change to the market. vibram When necessary, when much change, particularly convenient and flexible. With the increasing number of it more familiar, accept it more and moncler jackets more. Finally, no matter who, whether he knew not understand, if see such Jones to pledge loan or turtle. Then, this token or turtle can count the loancoin. Later, and several large jumping on the bandwagon, hence the market is the pledge of several in circulation, and tortoise shell or inconvenience to produce new families - not common. For example, someone Yang six trust or to change the home to zhang SAN tortoise-shell, zhang SAN does not agree, this person, but vibram five fingers to someone can change. In order to solve this problem, a few families, after consultation, pledge of ok and general, then the tortoise shell or homes. Again, Then, after development, has adopted uniform tokens or tortoise-shell, not indicate the real number and unity, change, so real currency unit was born. Next, with the quantity and quality of currency, again don't build monetary factory specially. Who needs five fingers the loancoin, who is on loan, use it to return to full after, and pay the rent, it will depend on the life. This continued until now.

Go back to see Jones started using tokens or tortoise-shell, can know this token is now tortoise shell or the said bill. Because people holding his tokens or tortoise-shell, elucidation he owe somebody else a cloth. Therefore said the currency is essentially ious, originated in the bill.

rich people and compile, production and consumption of the relationship between them is very simple

Originally, rich people and compile, production and consumption of the relationship between them is very simple, with no money involved, economists have what not simple. But since money from the road, all after death in the economics of sectarianism in it, causing problems become extremely complex, and economics is peremptory a very profound knowledge. The problem will become extremely vibram five fingers complex, because the former economists, be known according to me, but David Ricardo David ricardian (), the essence of the currency mistake. They generally thought that "silver currency is fixed, it is natural as general equivalent goods." This idea might call "monetary equivalent theory". So this view wrong, it is how?

Because money is born into the Commodity Exchange, money, make the original content between objects directly into Commodity Exchange of currency -- - indirect Commodity Exchange, but the currency to insert in exchange between the Commodity Exchange, and is moncler jackets not an Coach Handbags easy thing, must exchange both willing to accept it, so the previous economists believe that money to insert in exchange between the Commodity Exchange, only one way, namely: "monetary itself, and other commodities can show the value," and then "monetary equivalent theory". However, in the past, the economists have no thought, currency exchange, to participate in another way, namely currency to replace the goods as bill in exchange, this is our economics to the "currency vibram ious theory". But this viewpoint and so correct? Thoroughly clear, still had better let we had together back to the primitive society, see currency is most likely, the most reasonable origin!

Suppose we place is the end of the primitive society, has many kinds of products, Commodity Exchange is very common, but no money, but also in the bartering stage. Barter is very troublesome, not just once, sometimes need to trade a few times, and replace the goods bring bring inconvenient, and then they began to think.

On this day, there five fingers is a weaver, want to call the potter Jones moncler with a cloth for a bag of wheat, but he didn't want to eat the cloth in the market, or carrying his loan, so he is not a way to his family, the same thing as tokens to market exchange, or in a turtle on "a cloth engraved on the word", and the tortoise shell smashed into two halves, with half of the exchange in the market. To market, encounter a want change cloth, wheat, Coach he will use that li si a pledge that tortoise shell or change a bag of wheat. Of course should follow li si confidently: